The Javan or lesser one-horned rhino (Rhinoceros sondaicus sondaicus) is probably the rarest large mammal species in the world, and is on the brink of extinction. Classified as critically endangered in IUCN Red List, no more than 50 individuals are estimated to survive in the wild, and there are none in captivity.

Only one population of Javan rhino survives in Indonesia, in Ujung Kulon on the island of Java. The only other population in Vietnam has been declared as extinct. The Javan rhinoceros has been protected since 1931 in Indonesia. Ujung Kulon National Park in south western side of Java has been designated for the conservation of this species in 1992.

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